Kenebae

Term growth and development actually includes two events that are distinct, but inter-related and difficult to separate, ie growth and development. Growth problems associated with major changes in the number, or size, which can be measured by weight (gram, kilogram) and length (cm, meters), while the development is the increasing ability of the structure and function of the body is more complex than the rest of the body so that each can fulfill its function. It also includes the development of emotional, intellectual and behavior as a result of interacting with the environment.

(Istilah tumbuh kembang sebenarnya mencakup dua peristiwa yang sifatnya berbeda, tetapi saling berkaitan dan sulit dipisahkan, yaitu pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Pertumbuhan berkaitan dengan masalah perubahan dalam besar, jumlah, atau ukuran, yang bisa diukur dengan ukuran berat (gram, kilogram) dan ukuran panjang (cm, meter), sedangkan perkembangan adalah bertambahnya kemampuan dalam struktur dan fungsi tubuh yang lebih kompleks dari seluruh bagian tubuh sehingga masing-masing dapat memenuhi fungsinya. Termasuk juga perkembangan emosi, intelektual dan tingkah laku sebagai hasil berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya.)

Generally, there are two main factors that influence child development, namely:
1. genetic factors
Genetic factors that determine the nature of the child's innate. The ability of children is typical traits are inherited from parents.
2. environmental factors
The definition of the environment is an environment in which the child resides. In this case, the environment serves as a provider of basic needs for growth and development of the child in the womb to adulthood. A good environment will support the development of the child, otherwise unfavorable environment will inhibit growth.

(Secara umum terdapat dua faktor utama yang mempengaruhi tumbuh kembang anak, yaitu:
1. Faktor genetik
Faktor genetik ini yang menentukan sifat bawaan anak tersebut. Kemampuan anak merupakan ciri-ciri yang khas yang diturunkan dari orang tuanya.
2. Faktor lingkungan
Yang dimaksud lingkungan yaitu suasana di mana anak itu berada. Dalam hal ini lingkungan berfungsi sebagai penyedia kebutuhan dasar anak untuk tumbuh kembang sejak dalam kandungan sampai dewasa. Lingkungan yang baik akan menunjang tumbuh kembang anak, sebaliknya lingkungan yang kurang baik akan menghambat tumbuh kembangnya.)

Child's basic needs for growth and development, it is generally divided into three basic needs, namely:
1. The physical needs of the biomedical ("ASUH")
Includes:
- Food / nutrition
- Primary health care: immunizations, breastfeeding, regular weighing, treatment
- Decent housing
- Personal hygiene, environmental sanitation
- clothing
- Recreation, physical fitness
- etc.
2. Needs emotion / affection ("ASIH")
Affection of parents will create a close bond and trust basis to ensure the harmonious development of the physical, mental, or psychosocial.
3. The need for mental stimulation ("teaser")
Mental stimulation to develop the intellectual development, independence, creativity, religion, personality, moral-ethical, productivity and so on.

(Kebutuhan dasar anak untuk tumbuh kembang, secara umum dibagi menjadi 3 kebutuhan dasar yaitu:
1. Kebutuhan fisik-biomedis (”ASUH”)
Meliputi:
- pangan/gizi
- perawatan kesehatan dasar: imunisasi, pemberian ASI, penimbangan yang teratur, pengobatan
- pemukiman yang layak
- kebersihan perseorangan, sanitasi lingkungan
- pakaian
- rekreasi, kesegaran jasmani
- dll
2. Kebutuhan emosi/kasih sayang (”ASIH”)
Kasih sayang dari orang tua akan menciptakan ikatan yang erat dan kepercayaan dasar untuk menjamin tumbuh kembang yang selaras baik fisik, mental, atau psikososial.
3. Kebutuhan akan stimulasi mental (”ASAH”)
Stimulasi mental mengembangkan perkembangan kecerdasan, kemandirian, kreativitas, agama, kepribadian, moral-etika, produktivitas dan sebagainya.)

  

Although the mother had to work after a period of maternity leave runs out, human milk can be given by way of providing breast milk stored in the form of milking. Milked breast milk can start saving since one month before the mother returns to work.

How to store breast milk milking can be done using clean plastic bag and freeze them in a freezer. Frozen breast milk can last for six months. During the working mothers, breast milk is still milking at least four times a day in order to keep milk production smoothly. Storage of human milk in the same way that the freeze.

Currently working mothers, breast milk that has been frozen can be given to children under five with the first thaw and warm them by soaking them in a container of warm water. Give milk to babies with a spoon so as not to interfere with the process of breastfeeding. However, when at home, mothers still breastfeed as usual.

At the age of four months should start feeding the baby's first foods such as creamed porridge milk. Human milk is given in accordance with the needs of the baby plus a one-time milk porridge and fruit once. Infants 5-6 months of age can be given milk porridge 2 times a day, and may be supplemented with fruits and eggs.

Breastmilk substitutes are given if it is milk production is not there at all. Given the amount of breast milk substitutes should be calculated according to the nutritional requirements.
Given the amount of breast milk substitutes according to age, among others:
• Age 2-3 months 120-140 ml every time to drink.
• Age 3-4 months 140-160 ml every time to drink.
• Age 4-5 months 160-200 ml every time to drink.
• Age 5-6 months 200-220 ml every time to drink.
• Age> 6 months of 200-250 ml each time to drink.   

Breastfeeding is beneficial for infants and children because it is natural, nutritionally complete, contains antioxidants and immune substances that can prevent many infectious diseases, especially intestinal infections. Breast milk should still be given to infants until six months of age and continues to be given to children under two years old.

Breastfeeding may take a little more effort than formula feeding at first. But it can make life easier once you and your baby settle into a good routine. When you breastfeed, there are no bottles and nipples to sterilize. You do not have to buy, measure, and mix formula. And there are no bottles to warm in the middle of the night. Ways that breastfeeding can make your life easier. 

Formula and feeding supplies can cost well over $1,500 each year, depending on how much your baby eats. Breastfed babies are also sick less often, which can lower health care costs. So, breastfeeding can save money.

Physical contact is important to newborns. It can help them feel more secure, warm, and comforted. Mothers can benefit from this closeness, as well. Breastfeeding requires a mother to take some quiet relaxed time to bond. The skin-to-skin contact can boost the mother’s oxytocin (OKS-ee-TOH-suhn) levels. Oxytocin is a hormone that helps milk flow and can calm the mother.

Breastfeeding can be good for the mother’s health, too. Breastfeeding is linked to a lower risk of these health problems in women:
Type 2 diabetes•
Breast cancer•
Ovarian cancer•
Postpartum depression•
Experts are still looking at the effects of breastfeeding on osteoporosis and weight loss after birth. Many studies have reported greater weight loss for breastfeeding mothers than for those who don’t. But more research is needed to understand if a strong link exists.

The experience of breastfeeding is special for so many reasons, including:
• The joyful bonding with your baby
• The perfect nutrition only you can provide
• The cost savings
• The health benefits for both mother and baby

In fact, breast milk has disease-fighting antibodies that can help protect infants from several types of illnesses. And mothers who breastfeed have a lower risk of some health problems, including breast cancer and type 2 diabetes.
Keep in mind that breastfeeding is a learned skill. It requires patience and practice. For some women, the learning stages can be frustrating and uncomfortable. And some situations make breastfeeding even harder, such as babies born early or health problems in the mother. The good news is that it will get easier, and support for breastfeeding mothers is growing.

Breastfeeding Protects Babies
Early breast milk is liquid gold. Known as liquid gold, colostrum (coh-LOSS-trum) is the thick yellow first breast milk that you make during pregnancy and just after birth. This milk is very rich in nutrients and antibodies to protect your baby. Although your baby only gets a small amount of colostrum at each feeding, it matches the amount his or her tiny stomach can hold. 

Your breast milk changes as your baby grows. Colostrum changes into what is called mature milk. By the third to fifth day after birth, this mature breast milk has just the right amount of fat, sugar, water, and protein to help your baby continue to grow. It is a thinner type of milk than colostrum, but it provides all of the nutrients and antibodies your baby needs.
Breast milk is easier to digest. For most babies – especially premature babies – breast milk is easier to digest than formula. The proteins in formula are made from cow’s milk, and it takes time for babies’ stomachs to adjust to digesting them.
Breast milk fights disease. The cells, hormones, and antibodies in breast milk protect babies from illness. This protection is unique; formula cannot match the chemical makeup of human breast milk. In fact, among formula-fed babies, ear infections and diarrhea are more common. Formula-fed babies also have higher risks of:
Necrotizing (nek-roh-TEYE-zing) entero• colitis (en-TUR-oh-coh-lyt-iss), a disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract in pre-term infants.
Lower respiratory infections•
Atopic dermatitis, a type of skin rash•
Asthma•
Obesity•
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes•
Childhood leukemia •
Breastfeeding has also been shown to lower the risk of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome).

Pregnancy causes many changes in the mother's body. These changes to the mother's body adjust to the circumstances of her pregnancy. The use of nutrients by the body decreases in the first 4 months of pregnancy so that the body's need for food is also reduced in the first few months of pregnancy.

To be able to feed properly in pregnant women, the changes that occur in pregnancy need to be understood:
1. Calories (Energy)
2. Protein
3. Folate (Folic Acid)
4. Minerals (Iron, Zinc, Calcium)
5. vitamin C
6. vitamin A

The diet during, even before, pregnancy has to be rich in calories, proteins, vitamins & minerals and balanced. The needs vary in the three trimesters. Generally the gestation period in homosapiens (human) is approximately 40 weeks measured from the mother's last menstrual cycle.

Energy - the energy needs of the body increase manifold and are increased by 300 kcals per day. Trimester wise an additional calorie intake is recommended as below:
1st trimester  - about 10 kcals/day
2nd trimester  - about 90 kcals/day
3rd trimester  - about 200 kcals /day.

 

Most women have some problems or difficulties during pregnancy. Keep in mind this is not a dangerous disease for pregnant women and do not worry because this is part of the pregnancy process. These will be presented some problems that often occur in pregnancy. 

Vomiting or nausea

Most pregnant women often experience and complain with this problem. The main causes of vomiting sickness is due to the increase in hormones gonadrophin high. But this will not last long, it will expire at the end of the third or fourth month, this hormone is reduced so as to make a pregnant woman feel better.
Vomiting sickness is not a disease, it is a positive symptom of pregnancy. This is normal and natural. Although not harmful to the baby or the pregnancy, but there are certain issues which the obstetrician may recommend you to take a break and drink plenty to avoid dehydration.

Heartburn 

Heartburn is a common problem in pregnant women. This problem occurs in the 4th month, but should not be considered as a disease. Because of this heartburn occurs when the baby moves and grows large that puts pressure on the stomach.

 

Constipation 

Another problem that most pregnant women face is constipation. This is due to the hormonal changes that affect the digestive organ function. To overcome this problem every day consume fiber, drink plenty of mineral water, a lot of moving or exercising regularly.

 

Frequent Urination 

This problem can occur because your uterus is growing pressure on your bladder so urine storage limit of normal capacity. This is a very common problem and the use of drugs is not recommended to address this issue until delivery. If you are experiencing urinate too often, to overcome this then eat or drink less sweet, it could also be useful doing Kegel exercises strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.

In the case of toxoplasmosis prevention is a matter of hygiene, washing hands after handling raw meat to avoid cat feces during yardwork or gardening. Cooking meat at a temperature of at least 66°C or frozen at - 20°C. Keep food from being contaminated by animals or insects home. First trimester pregnant women should be checked regularly in the possibility of infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Treat to prevent miscarriage, stillbirth, or congenital defects.

Until now, the best treatment is a combination of pyrimethamine with trisulfapyrimidine. The combination of the two drugs would synergistically inhibit the cycle p-amino benzoic acid and folic acid cycle. The recommended dose for pyrimethamine is 25-50 mg per day for a month and trisulfapyrimidine dose 2000-6000 mg a day for a month.

Because the side effects of these drugs are leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, it is recommended to add folic acid and yeast during treatment. Trimetoprinm also proved to be effective for the treatment of toxoplasmosis but when compared with the combination of pyrimethamine and trisulfapyrimidine, trimethoprim apparently still losing effectiveness.

Spiramycin is the drug of choice although less effective but less side effects when compared to previous medications. The recommended dose of spiramycin is 2-4 grams a day divided into 2 or 4 feedings. Some researchers advocate the treatment of first-trimester pregnant women with spiramycin 2-3 grams a day for a week or 3 weeks later followed by 2 weeks without medication. Such alternate until healed. Treatment is also aimed at patients with clear clinical symptoms and the infants born to mothers with toxoplasmosis.